卡皮瓦拉山国家公园 - 景点攻略
Serra da Capivara National Park
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卡皮瓦拉山国家公园：巴西内陆的万年岩画与卡廷加荒原
卡皮瓦拉山国家公园位于巴西东北部皮奥伊州东南部，面积约12.9万公顷，1991年被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产。园区内登记着超过1350处考古遗址，岩画最老可追溯到约2.5万年前，美洲大陆人类活动的最早证据之一就出自这里的佩德拉富拉达岩洞。公园每天6:00至18:00开放，免门票，但必须由持证向导陪同才能进入。
行前须知：位置、交通与进入方式
公园在哪里，以哪座城市为基地
公园地跨圣雷蒙多诺纳托、科罗内尔若泽迪亚斯、若昂科斯塔和坎托杜布里蒂四个市镇。多数旅行者把圣雷蒙多诺纳托作为主要基地，这里旅馆、餐馆和向导资源最集中；科罗内尔若泽迪亚斯则是另一个入口城镇，距离公园两处主要大门和自然博物馆只有几分钟车程。两座城市之间约40公里，路况尚可。
怎么去：先飞到特雷西纳或彼得罗利纳
圣雷蒙多诺纳托的机场尚未完工，所以常规走法是先飞特雷西纳（Teresina）或彼得罗利纳（Petrolina），再换陆路。从特雷西纳到圣雷蒙多诺纳托约520公里，从彼得罗利纳出发约350公里，两段都是长途，建议白天行车。彼得罗利纳的航班班次相对多，不少人选择在此租车；圣雷蒙多诺纳托本地没有租车公司，这点要提前算好。也可从彼得罗利纳乘大巴前往，但班次有限。
园内交通：没有公共交通，包车或自驾
公园没有定期公共交通到各个入口，各景点之间靠私家车或向导的车辆串联，园内维护良好的道路和小径总长约450公里。没车的话，最省事的做法是直接找带车的持证向导，一天向导加车辆的费用大致在200至270雷亚尔之间，各向导报价有差异。
进园规则：向导、门票与时间安排
持证向导是硬性要求
进入公园的步道和保护区域必须有持证向导陪同，不能独自徒步。向导在入口岗亭登记，游客需填写风险知情书。向导费用不包含在门票里，单独支付给向导本人。建议提前一天联系好，旺季（7月）向导比较抢手。
门票免费，但有一笔市级环保费
公园本身不收门票，这是巴西奇科门德斯生物多样性保护研究所（ICMBio）的官方规定。需要注意，如果从科罗内尔若泽迪亚斯方向进入，当地市政府会收取每人20雷亚尔的旅游与环境保护费，这笔钱归市政，与公园管理方无关。
开放时间与游览时长
公园全年每天6:00至18:00开放，建议清晨出发，中午前走完主要步道。想看完主要岩画遗址和两座博物馆，安排三天比较从容；只挑重点走两天也够。若想深入全部环线，二十天都未必走得完。
主要看点：岩画环线与博物馆
佩德拉富拉达岩洞：公园的名片
这是公园最著名的遗址，一面岩壁上集中了上千幅岩画，也是发现约5万年前人类活动痕迹的地点。木质栈道架在遗址前，同一时间栈道上限流，团队参观分批进入。傍晚有夜游项目，灯光打在岩壁上，观感和白天完全不同，需提前跟向导确认。
卡皮瓦拉峡谷与红岩环线
卡皮瓦拉峡谷是当年考古学家尼埃德·吉东开始研究的地方，峡谷两侧岩壁高耸，岩画散布在多个岩厦中，地质形态本身也值得细看。红岩环线（Serra Vermelha）和布兰卡岩环线（Serra Branca）以眺望点和不同风格的岩画群为主，步道有缓有陡，可量力选择。公园超过170处遗址对公众开放，分属若干环线，全程走完不现实，挑两三条最典型的即可。
两座博物馆：先看展再进山
美国人类博物馆（Museu do Homem Americano）由富恩达姆基金会管理，展出考古出土物和尼埃德·吉东的发现，周三至周六13:00至19:00、周四和周日10:00至19:00开放，售票处18:00关闭，每天限200人，全票30雷亚尔、半票15雷亚尔。自然博物馆（Museu da Natureza）侧重卡廷加植被、地质与动物，圆筒形建筑本身就是地标。建议第一天先逛博物馆，再进公园，看岩画时更能读懂。
什么时候去：旱季与雨季的取舍
5月到12月：旱季，路况最好
5月至12月是旱季，道路和步道条件最佳，观察岩层和野生动物都更清楚。8月至11月植被落叶、天气最热，白天走在岩壁前没有遮阴，水和防晒要带足。
1月到4月：雨季，绿意与瀑布
1月至4月降雨集中，卡廷加植被返绿，雨后崖壁上会出现临时瀑布，景色更生动，但土路和步道泥泞，行车时间变长。5月和6月植被转成红黄褐色，光线柔和，是拍照的好时段。区域年均气温约28°C，10月至11月最热，均温可达31°C。
常见问题
去卡皮瓦拉山国家公园一定要请向导吗？
是。所有步道和保护区域都要求持证向导陪同，不能自行进入。向导费另付，含车辆大致每天200至270雷亚尔，公园门票本身免费。
从圣保罗或里约出发怎么走最方便？
一般先飞特雷西纳或彼得罗利纳，再转陆路到圣雷蒙多诺纳托，车程分别约520公里和350公里。圣雷蒙多诺纳托本地没有租车点，租车要在机场城市解决。
游览公园需要几天？
看主要岩画环线和两座博物馆，三天比较合适；只走重点两天也够。全园有170多处遗址对公众开放，想走遍所有环线需要二十天以上。
公园里有餐饮和卫生间吗？
步道沿线没有卫生间，需在入口基地或游客中心提前解决。食物可在指定区域食用，但园内不允许饮酒和吸烟，出发前备好水和干粮。
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卡皮瓦拉山国家公园 |用户评价
Excellent and speachless place! Totally underrated as a touristic destination in Brazil. A really must see location if you are into nature, history and having a good time!
Serra da Capivara National Park is a remarkable and culturally significant natural treasure located in northeastern Brazil. Renowned for its astonishing collection of prehistoric rock art, the park is a testament to the ancient civilizations that once thrived in the region. Covering an expansive area of over 1,300 square kilometers, Serra da Capivara National Park boasts a diverse landscape of canyons, valleys, and plateaus, offering breathtaking vistas at every turn. However, it is the park's rich archaeological heritage that truly sets it apart. The rock art found here dates back thousands of years and provides invaluable insights into the lives and customs of the early inhabitants of the region. Exploring the park is like stepping back in time. Visitors can embark on guided tours led by knowledgeable experts who unravel the stories behind the intricate rock paintings and engravings. These ancient artworks depict scenes of daily life, hunting expeditions, rituals, and a myriad of animals that once roamed the area. It is a mesmerizing journey into the history and cultural heritage of Brazil. Beyond the rock art, Serra da Capivara National Park offers a haven for wildlife enthusiasts and nature lovers. The park is home to a diverse array of flora and fauna, including capybaras, maned wolves, armadillos, and a wide variety of bird species. The preserved ecosystem provides a sanctuary for these creatures, and visitors can encounter them while exploring the park's trails. To fully experience the wonders of Serra da Capivara National Park, it is advisable to allocate several days to explore its vast expanse. The park offers camping facilities and guesthouses, providing visitors with the opportunity to immerse themselves in the natural surroundings and fully appreciate the park's tranquility. Serra da Capivara National Park stands as a testament to the deep-rooted history and natural beauty of Brazil. It offers a unique blend of archaeology, nature, and adventure, captivating the imaginations of all who venture within its borders. For those seeking an unforgettable journey into the past, this extraordinary park is a must-visit destination.
This National Park is an amazing place with an outstanding environmental conservation program done by the Park staff and the FUMDHAM. Acess to the sites with prehistoric paintings is very easy. The trails and roads in the Park are very well kept, nevertheless, as per local regulations, there’s the need to be acompannied by a local guide, as the Park is huge and it’s very easy to get lost.
It was so hard to find a guide because it is not organized for tourists especially when you don't stay in the accommodation with connection to the park. Going with a guide is required but I couldn't get an English speaking guide. But seeing ancient painting some of which are 15000 years ago was definitely interesting. And the view is great as well. I hope they make it easier to visit for everyone in the near future.
This is one of the places in the world that everybody should have the chance to go. The park is amazing - ancient paintings, amazing views, preserved nature and kind people. Not even us brazilians are used to know about it or go there - so, spread the word. There is infrastructure and even people with disabilities can visit some of the archeological sites.
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