塞内冈比亚石圈(Stone Circles of Senegambia)在2006年就被联合国教科文组织列入世界遗产名录,这处被誉为西非巨石阵的神秘遗址横跨冈比亚和塞内加尔,总面积约3.9万平方公里。其中冈比亚境内的瓦苏(Wassu)遗址是最出名的一处,这里集中了11个石圈,最高的石柱达到2.59米。虽然这里名气不如英国巨石阵,但那股原始而荒凉的力量感绝对会让历史爱好者觉得不虚此行。
瓦苏(Wassu)遗址位于冈比亚的中河区,靠近昆陶尔(Kuntaur)镇。这里共有11个排列规整的石圈,石块材料主要是当地常见的红后期。考古数据表明,这些石圈的建造时间跨度极大,最早可以追溯到公元前3世纪,最晚则一直持续到公元16世纪,前后延续了将近1900年。这些巨大的红褐色石块形状各异,有的是简单的圆柱形,有的则呈现出独特的V字型。瓦苏石圈最重的一块石头超过10吨,在没有任何现代机械的情况下,古人如何开采并搬运这些石块至今仍是考古界讨论的热点。
很多人站在石圈前会觉得这只是祭祀场所,但实际挖掘结果显示,这里更多是作为墓葬地存在的。考古学家在石柱下方发现了大量的人骨、陶器、铁制武器和装饰品。有趣的是,并非每个石圈里都埋葬了很多人,有的石圈中心只有一具遗骸,推测可能是当时的部落首领或重要人物。这种 megalithic(巨石文化)反映了古代冈比亚河流域高度发达的社会组织能力。走在石圈之间,如果运气好碰到当地守墓人,他们会告诉你一些关于夜间石头发出声音的传说,虽然听听就好,但这种氛围确实给遗址增色不少。
从首都班珠尔(Banjul)出发去瓦苏是一场硬仗。路程大约260公里,听着不算远,但冈比亚的交通状况意味着你得预留出起码4到5个小时。最便捷的方式是在班珠尔租一辆四驱车,或者找当地旅行社包车。如果想体验生活,可以坐当地的 bush taxi(丛林出租车),你需要先坐渡轮跨过冈比亚河到北岸。说真的,北岸的路况相对一般,灰尘很大,记得带好口罩和足够的饮用水。很多时候车子会因为避让过马路的羊群或牛群而停下,这种节奏就是地道的西非体验。
去瓦苏这类户外遗址,时机选错真的会遭罪。建议在11月到次年5月的旱季前往,这时候天虽然热,但至少不会因为大雨把土路变成泥潭。中午前后的太阳毒辣到能把人晒晕,最好在清晨或者下午四点以后到达,这时候光线打在红色的石头上非常出片。目前瓦苏石圈的门票价格大约在100至200冈比亚达拉西(Dalasi)之间,折合人民币也就几十块钱。现场售票处通常只收现金,别指望能刷卡。进去之后会有当地导游主动过来讲解,给个200达拉西左右的小费比较得体。
瓦苏石圈入口处有个不起眼的小博物馆,千万别直接略过。里面展示了一些挖掘出来的随葬品原件以及石圈分布的地形图。博物馆的墙上挂着关于石块切割技术的推测图,看了之后你才会明白,古人是用铁器在岩床上凿孔,再利用木头吸水膨胀的原理撑开石块。看懂了这些工艺细节,再去看外面那些矗立千年的石头,感觉完全不一样。另外,石圈附近有几棵巨大的猴面包树,树龄看起来不比石圈小,也是拍照的好背景。
在瓦苏游览时,偶尔会遇到当地村民在石圈附近祈祷或放置小石子。当地人认为这些古迹带有灵气,甚至能治病。如果你看到石头缝里塞着硬币或小物件,千万别手欠去翻动。当地向导可能会带你去看所谓的神秘标志,有些确实是考古证据,有些则是为了讨赏钱编的段子。建议多问问向导关于当地部族对石圈的称呼,比如他们口中的塞内冈比亚石圈往往和古老的传说联系在一起。还有一点,景区附近的补给点很少,在昆陶尔镇上买好干粮和可乐再进场,不然在这片旷野里挨饿很难受。
瓦苏遗址内最高的一块石柱约为2.59米。这些石块都是从附近的红后期岩脉中整体切割出来的,重量普遍在几吨到十吨不等。
一天往返非常赶,全程往返加轮渡可能需要10小时以上。建议在昆陶尔(Kuntaur)或者附近的生态营地住一晚,这样还能顺便去冈比亚河国家公园看黑猩猩。
售票处基本只收冈比亚达拉西(GMD)。虽然部分带路的向导可能愿意收欧元或美金现金,但汇率通常很差,建议提前在班珠尔兑换好足够的当地货币。
Hillal The Wassu stone circles, a significant historical site in The Gambia, are prominently featured on the nation's currency. The stone circles, though intriguing and still shrouded in a bit of mystery from a historical perspective, may not captivate those less interested in such landmarks. I wouldn't recommend going out of your way to visit, but if you find yourself in the Kuntaur/Jajanbureh area with convenient transport, it's worth a visit. There's a small museum on-site and bathrooms available. The entrance fee is 100 dalasis, nothing more. You can explore the circles without a guide. The presence of litter is unfortunate.
Musicians Mum Ancient circles made from Laterite ,quarried nearby. UNESCO World Heritage Site. Similar circles elsewhere in Senegal/Gambia Not as big and imposing as Stonehenge or Carnac but the same questions arise here as at any similar stone circles and monuments the world over When ? Why ?Who? How? Small museum . Caretaker /guide informative. Clean toilets. Bottled drinks available. Also local cake/bun things Small group of local children outside ,very interested in the visitors. I only had 14 pens/pencils in my pocket. I was 6 short. maybe come prepared, they were happy, especially the little ones with the coloured pencils. Wisited as part of a 14 days tour of Gambia and Senegal. Our "cruise" boat moored up and we then came by road .It is a little off the beaten track as ancient sites often are.
Ramatoulie Jitteh Home to the tallest stone in The Gambia. Tour guide was really friendly and took us through the history. Visited in 2019 and did it again this year. Though it was hot but the trip was worth it.
Jakub Dżegniuk Amazing historical site and UNESCO world heritage. I usually don't take a guide, but I really recommend doing so here. Guides know a lot about this place, much more that can be found on the internet. Generally African archeology is very underfunded and should be popularized more often. If you want to visit it to learn something it's definitely worth visiting. If you just want to take a selfie with a rock , you can skip it. Sand road leads there from the main road - it's about 10-15 min walk.
Lamin O. Beyai Beautifully preserved place. We challenged the guide to give his tour in mandinka instead of English and it was amazing, it was a good experience. The place is complete with a museum and some exhibition of local musical instruments. Also, I thought all the circles were short but the “Kingstone” was a great sight, whooping 2.5m tall. D35 fee for Gambians 😊